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Last updated: November 12, 2023
Teen Driving Laws by State
What young drivers need to know before getting behind the wheel
Table of Contents
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In the United States, many teens can start driving with supervision around age 15 and become fully licensed within a year. States have special laws for drivers under age 18 because they are less experienced than adult drivers. Laws vary by state, and it’s important for teens and guardians to be familiar with them in order to avoid penalties and higher insurance costs. We’ll walk through the restrictions state by state and tell you what you need to know about insuring a teen driver.
Why Are Restrictions Placed on Teen Drivers?
Because teens are inexperienced drivers, they are at a much higher risk of getting into a car accident than adult drivers.
DID YOU KNOW?
Per mile driven, the accident rate for teen drivers is nearly four times that of drivers age 20 and older.
Distracted driving, alcohol, and speeding also contribute to risky teen driving. Of teens involved in fatal crashes, 27 percent were speeding and 16 percent had been drinking.1 A study by AAA found that distracted driving may cause 58 percent of teen crashes.2
States place special restrictions on teen drivers in order to reduce the risk of car accidents and fatalities. Studies find that these restrictions indeed reduce the risk of crashes among teens. For example, a study by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that after the U.S. introduced graduated driver’s license (GDL) programs in the 1990s, the traffic fatality rate fell by 68 percent for 16-year-old drivers, 59 percent for drivers 17 years old, 52 percent for 18-year-olds, and 47 percent for 19-year-olds.3
The study also identified the five most effective laws for preventing teen fatalities and crashes:
- Minimum permit age of 16
- Minimum intermediate license age of 17
- At least 65 hours of supervised practice driving
- Night driving curfew that begins at 8 p.m.
- No teenage passengers
Restrictions Placed on Teen Drivers
The various laws governing teen drivers are designed to ensure they learn to drive safely under supervision and to limit the highest-risk behaviors.
GDL Programs
All states and the District of Columbia have some form of GDL program, which mandates that teens must learn how to drive under adult supervision. The specifics of GDL programs vary by state, but they typically consist of three stages:
- Stage 1: Learner’s/instructional permit. A teen must take a vision test and a written road knowledge test to receive their permit. After that, they must be accompanied by a parent or guardian, or any adult who is a licensed driver, while behind the wheel. All vehicle occupants must wear seat belts. If the police pull a teen over and find they have any blood alcohol concentration (BAC) over 0 percent, it will count as a DUI. After six months with no crashes or traffic violation convictions, a teen may apply for an intermediate license.
- Stage 2: Intermediate license. To receive their intermediate license, a teen has to take a driving test. Then, for the most part, they may drive without adult supervision, unless they’re driving at night or with multiple passengers. After 12 consecutive months with no crashes or traffic violations, or after they turn 18, teens acquire their full license.
- Stage 3: Full license. This is an unrestricted license, the same as what most adults hold.
Curfews
Limited visibility, fatigue, and an increased number of drunk drivers on the road make driving at night dangerous for all drivers, but it’s a particularly large risk for teens.
Per mile driven, the fatal crash rate of 16- to 19-year-olds is about four times as high at night as it is during the day. That’s why many states impose a curfew that limits night driving for teenagers. While many curfews begin around midnight, research finds that nighttime teen crashes often occur between 9 p.m. and midnight.
Passengers
The presence of passengers is another high-risk situation for teen drivers. Even one passenger increases crash risk among teen drivers, especially if the passenger is another teen5. In 15 percent of teen crashes caused by driver inattention, the driver was interacting with one of their passengers.
Phones
Distracted driving is dangerous for all drivers, including teens. Among teen crashes caused by driver inattention, 12 percent involved drivers using cell phones. Because distracted driving can pose such a risk, some GDL programs place specific restrictions on cellphone use for teen drivers.
For example, some states allow hands-free cell phone use for adult drivers but do not allow teens the same privilege. In some states, teens cannot use any electronic devices while driving, whether handheld or hands-free.
School Performance
Some states link teen driving privileges to school performance. For example, in Alabama, for every disciplinary point a teen receives after age 12 (e.g., for suspension or truancy), they must wait an additional week before applying for a learner’s permit. Other states require teens to be enrolled in school or have a high school diploma or equivalent in order to obtain a permit or license.
Teen Driving Restrictions by State
Explore the teen driving laws in your state with the chart below.6
| State | Minimum age for learner’s permit | Curfew | Supervision | Passengers | Electronic devices | School requirements | URL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 15 | 12 a.m.- 6 a.m.
Exceptions: Accompanied by a legal guardian, parent, or licensed adult 21 or older with parental consent
Going to or from place of work, school or religious-sponsored event, due to a medical, fire, or law enforcement emergency, or driving to or from hunting/fishing activities in possession of required licenses |
Licensed driver 21 or older for 15-year-olds Any licensed driver for 16-year-olds or older | Can’t have more than 1 non-family members other than parent, guardian, or supervising licensed driver 21 or older | Can’t use any non-essential handheld communication device | None | https://www.alea.gov/dps/driver-license/document-requirements-and-fees
https://www.alabamapublichealth.gov/teendriving/graduated-drivers-license.html |
| Alaska | 14 | 1 a.m- 5.00 a.m.
Exceptions:
Accompanied by a licensed driver 21 or older
Driving to or from place of employment among most direct route |
Licensed driver 21 or older with at least 1 year of experience in the type of vehicle you are driving; must be in passenger seat | Can’t have passengers under 21 unless they’re siblings or legal guardians | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://doa.alaska.gov/dmv/akol/permit.htm
https://doa.alaska.gov/dmv/forms/pdfs/433.pdf
|
| Arizona | 15.5 | None | Licensed driver 21 or older; must be in passenger seat | None | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://azdot.gov/motor-vehicles/driver-services/teen-drivers/permit-and-license-requirements#:~:text=The%20teen%20must%20be%20at,with%20parental%20or%20guardian%20supervision.
|
| Arkansas | 14 | None | Licensed driver 21 or older | Can’t have more than 1 passenger under the age of 18 | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/driver-services/license-id-and-permits/graduated-licenses/learners-and-intermediate-license
https://static.ark.org/eeuploads/asp/teen_drivers_gdl_safety_message_122015.pdf |
| California | 15.5 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m. | Licensed driver who is your parent, guardian, or adult 25 years or older; must be in passenger seat | Can’t have passengers under 20 years old Exceptions: Accompanied by a parent or guardian, a licensed driver 25 years or older, or a licensed/certified driving instructor. | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/driver-licenses-identification-cards/instruction-permits/ |
| Colorado | 15 | 12 a.m.- 5 a.m
Exceptions: Going to or from place of work, school or religious-sponsored event, due to a medical, fire, or law enforcement emergency, and emancipated minors |
Licensed driver, driving instructor, parent, legal or guardian 21 years or older; must be in passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers if accompanied by a driving instructor, parent, legal guardian, or licensed adult 21 years of age or older in the front seat | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://www.codot.gov/safety/colorado-teen-drivers/parent/teen-driving-restrictions.html |
| Connecticut | 16 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: Going to or from place of work, school or religious-sponsored event, due to a medical, fire, or law enforcement emergency, or if the individual is an assigned driver in the Safe Ride Program |
Driving instructor, parent, legal guardian or a licensed driver who is at least 20 | Driving instructor, parents, legal guardian or a licensed driver who is at least 20 | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://portal.ct.gov/DMV/Easy-Answers/Easy-Answers-Webpages/Learners-Permit—16-and-17-Year-Olds |
| Delaware | 16 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: Accompanied by a legal guardian, parent, or licensed adult 25 or older with parental consent Going to or from place of work, school or religious-sponsored event |
Driving instructor, parent, legal guardian or a licensed driver who is at least 25 years old and has held a Class D license for at least 5 years; must be in passenger seat | Can’t have more than 1 non-family members other than parent, guardian, or supervising licensed driver for the first 12 months. | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://www.dmv.de.gov/DriverServices/drivers_license/index.shtml?dc=dr_lic_grad_dl |
| Florida | 15 | Can’t drive whenever the sun has set for first 3 months, and from month 4 on, after 10 p.m. | Licensed driver 21 years or older; must be in passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use any wireless communication device | Must maintain school attendance | https://www.flhsmv.gov/driver-licenses-id-cards/licensing-requirements-teens-graduated-driver-license-laws-driving-curfews/ |
| Georgia | 15 | 12 a.m.- 5 a.m. | Licensed driver 21 years or older; must be in passenger seat | 1 licensed driver 21 years or older and immediate family members | Can’t use any wireless communication device | Enrolled in school | https://dds.georgia.gov/how-do-i-learners-permit |
| Hawaii | 15.5 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: Parent or guardian must be in passenger seat |
Licensed driver 21 years or older; must be in passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use any wireless communication device | None | https://www.honolulu.gov/cms-csd-menu/site-csd-sitearticles/679-faqs-about-driver-s-license.html#permit_automobile
https://hidot.hawaii.gov/highways/files/2017/01/GDL-Brochure.pdf |
| Idaho | 14.5 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: Parent or guardian must be in passenger seat |
Licensed driver 21 years or older; must be in passenger seat | Passengers not allowed in the front seat if driver is under the age of 16.
If under the age of 17 during first 6 months, can only have 1 passenger under 17 unless related by blood, adoption, or marriage |
Can’t use any wireless communication device | Enrolled in school | https://itd.idaho.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/3506_gdlfactsheet.pdf |
| Illinois | 15 | 10 p.m- 6 a.m.
Sunday- Thursday 11 p.m.- 6 a.m. Friday- Saturday |
Licensed driver age 21 or older with at least 1 year of driving experience | 1 in the first seat, and no more passengers than the number of seat belts in the back seat | If under 19, can’t use any electronic devices, even hands-free, except in case of an emergency | None | https://www.ilsos.gov/publications/pdf_publications/dsd_x173.pdf
https://www.ilsos.gov/departments/drivers/teen_driver_safety/gdl.html |
| Indiana | 15 | None | If under 16, licensed driving instructor or certified driver rehabilitation specialist, a licensed driver 25 or older that must be related to you by blood, marriage, or legal status, or a spouse if they’re licensed and at least 21. Must be in front passenger seat.
If under 18, licensed driver 25 or older and related, spouse at least 21, or driver education instructor in front passenger seat.
If under 18 and under the care/supervision of Department of Child Services, licensed driver 25 or older and related, or a licensed driver 25 or older approved by Department of Child Services, in passenger’s seat.
If 18 or older, any licensed driver 25 or older, or spouse if licensed and 21 or older |
No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use any wireless communication device except to make emergency 911 calls | None | https://www.in.gov/bmv/licenses-permits-ids/learners-permits-and-drivers-licenses-overview/learners-permit/ |
| Iowa | 14 | None | Parent, guardian, custodian, an immediate family member at least 21, a driver education instructor, or a person at least 25 years with written permission from your parent, guardian, or custodian; supervisors must have valid driver’s licenses | Can’t carry more passengers than the number of seat belts in the vehicle | Can’t use any wireless communication device except to make emergency 911 calls | None | https://iowadot.gov/mvd/driverslicense/under-18 |
| Kansas | 14 | None | Licensed adult at least 21 in front seat at all times | No restrictions on passengers | If under 17, can’t use any wireless communication device except to make emergency 911 calls | None | https://www.ksrevenue.gov/dovgdl.html |
| Kentucky | 16 | 12 a.m.- 6 a.m.
Exceptions: Emergencies, school or work-related activities |
Licensed adult at least 21 in front passenger seat at all times | Except when accompanied by a driver training instructor, permit holders under 18 can’t drive with more than one unrelated person under the age of 20 | If under 18, can’t use cell phones, even hands-free (except for emergencies) | Enrolled in school | https://drive.ky.gov/driver-licensing/Pages/Graduated-Driver-Licensing-Program.aspx
https://drive.ky.gov/driver-licensing/Documents/Parent%20Guide%20-%20Teaching%20Your%20Teen%20.pdf |
| Louisiana | 15 | 12 a.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: When accompanied by a licensed parent or legal guardian with at least 1 year of driving experience |
Licensed parent, guardian, or adult at least 21, or a licensed sibling at least 18 | No restrictions on passengers if accompanied by licensed parent, guardian, or adult at least 21, or a licensed sibling at least 18 | Can’t use any wireless communication device, even hands-free, except to make emergency 911 calls | None | https://expresslane.dps.louisiana.gov/CDLForms/CLASS%20E%20Learner’s%20Permit%20requirements.pdf |
| Maine | 15 | 12 a.m.- 5 a.m. | Licensed driver who’s at least 20 and has held a valid license for at least 2 years; must sit in front passenger seat at all times | Licensed driver who’s at least 20 and has held a valid license for at least 2 years, and immediate family members | Can’t use electronic handheld device or cellphone | None | https://www.maine.gov/sos/bmv/licenses/age.html#fifteen |
| Maryland | 15.75 | None | Licensed driver 21 years or older who has held a license for at least 3 years; must be in passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use phones at all, even hands-free, except when making an emergency 911 call | Yes, if under 16, must be in school or home school and cannot have more than 10 unexcused absences during the prior school semester | https://mva.maryland.gov/drivers/Pages/rookie-driver-general-learners.aspx
https://onestop.md.gov/licenses/non-commercial-learner-s-permit-5d15409b54f24d03e9997b04
https://mva.maryland.gov/about-mva/Pages/fees.aspx
|
| Massachusetts | 16 | If under 18, can’t drive between 12 a.m.- 5 a.m Exceptions: Accompanied by a parent/legal guardian who has a valid license and at least 1 year of driving experience | Licensed driver at least 21 with at least 1 year of driving experience in the passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Not allowed to use any electronic devices, even in hands-free mode | None | https://www.mass.gov/how-to/apply-for-a-passenger-class-d-learners-permit
https://www.mass.gov/info-details/junior-operator-license-jol-requirements
|
| Michigan | 14.75 | None | Licensed parent or guardian, any licensed driver 21 or older that the parent/guardian has designated, or teen-certified education provider | No restrictions on passengers | Handheld ban except to report a traffic accident, medical emergency, serious road hazard, situation in which you think your personal safety is in jeopardy, or a crime/potential crime against yourself or another person | None | http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(jqmumoidmxydjmhcsedt2xfl))/ErrorHandler.aspx
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/gdl_parent_16316_7.pdf
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/sos/Michigan_supervised_driving_log_572744_7.pdf
https://www.michigan.gov/documents/sos/MI_GDL_Licensing_SOS380_515146_7.pdf
|
| Minnesota | 15 | For first 6 months, can’t drive between 12 a.m.-5 a.m. Exceptions: Accompanied by a licensed driver 25 or older, driving to/from place of employment, school event and home, or driving for employment purposes | Licensed driver at least 21 | For the first 6 months, only 1 passenger under 20 permitted Exceptions: Licensed parent/guardian For second 6 months, can have up to 3 passengers under 20 Exceptions: Immediate family members | Can’t use a cell phone at all while driving if under 18 | None | https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ots/teen-driving/Pages/faq.aspx#:~:text=To%20qualify%20for%20an%20instruction,and%20pass%20a%20knowledge%20test.
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/dvs/forms-documents/Documents/InstructionPermitFAQ.pdf
https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/dvs/Pages/drivers-license-fees.aspx |
| Mississippi | 15 | None | Licensed driver at least 21 in passenger’s seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use a wireless communication device while the vehicle is in motion unless you’re reporting reckless/negligent behavior, believe you or someone else is in physical danger, or are communicating for an emergency situation | School attendance form for 15-17-year-olds. If under 18 and married, this form isn’t required, but must present marriage license. Also not required for 17 -year-olds 2 months away from their 18th birthdays | https://www.driverservicebureau.dps.ms.gov/Drivers/Learners_Permit
https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2018/title-63/chapter-1/article-1/section-63-1-21/
https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/2013/title-63/chapter-1/article-1/section-63-1-73 |
| Missouri | 15 | None | If under 16, must have a parent, legal guardian, grandparent, qualified driving instructor, or licensed driver 25 or older who has a minimum of 3 years of licensure and written permission from a parent/guardian or their designee, if disabled; for drivers over 16, need a licensed driver at least 21 in the front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | If under 21, can’t use a handheld mobile device while driving unless you’re reporting illegal activity, summoning medical/emergency help, or preventing injury to a person or property | None | https://dor.mo.gov/driver-license/issuance/id-requirements.html#dccumentsrequired
https://dor.mo.gov/driver-license/issuance/graduated-driver-license/details.html
https://dor.mo.gov/driver-license/resources/license.html#fees
https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=304.820
|
| Montana | 14.5 | None | Licensed parent or guardian, or licensed driver 18 or older who the parent/guardian authorized | No restrictions on passengers | No statewide law barring use of cell phones while driving, but most cities in the state ban texting/talking on phones while driving | None | https://dojmt.gov/getyourpermit/
https://dojmt.gov/wp-content/uploads/Montana-Driver-Manual.pdf
|
| Nebraska | 15 | None | Licensed driver 21 or older in front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use handheld devices while driving | None | https://dmv.nebraska.gov/dl/learners-permit
|
| Nevada | 15.5 | None | Licensed driver 21 or older who has had a license for at least 1 year in front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Handheld ban except for reporting a medical emergency, safety hazard, or criminal activity | Under 18: must prove that you meet minimum school attendance requirements | https://dmv.nv.gov/nvdlteens.htm
|
| New Hampshire | 15.5 (but technically no learner’s permit, just license) | If under 18, can’t drive between 1 a.m.- 4 a.m. | Licensed parent, guardian, or adult at least 25 in front passenger seat | Within first 6 months, if under 18, can’t drive more than 1 passenger under 25 unless they’re family, or you’re accompanied by a licensed and responsible driver 25 or older | Handheld ban for all drivers | None | https://www.nh.gov/safety/divisions/dmv/driver-licensing/index.htm |
| New Jersey | 16 | 11:01 p.m.- 5 a.m. | Adult 21 or older with a valid New Jersey driver’s license and at least 3 years of driving experience | Only parents, guardians, or dependents, plus only 1 other passenger unless accompanied by parent/guardian | No electronic device use allowed, even if hands-free | None | https://www.state.nj.us/mvc/license/firstlic.htm
https://www.state.nj.us/mvc/pdf/license/drivermanual.pdf
|
| New Mexico | 15 | 12 p.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: Unless accompanied by a licensed driver 21 or older or traveling to or from school or work, for medical needs, or religious functions |
Licensed driver 21 or older with at least 3 years of driving experience | Can’t have more than 1 passenger under 21 unless they’re an immediate family member or there is a licensed driver 21 or older in the car | Handheld ban | None | https://transportation.unm.edu/assets/NM-GDL-Law.pdf
https://www.nmlegis.gov/sessions/15%20Regular/bills/house/HB0104.PDF
https://www.mvd.newmexico.gov/nm-drivers-licenses-ids/drivers-license/apply-for-a-learners-permit/
|
| New York | 16 | 9:01 p.m.- 4:59 a.m. | Driver 21 or older with a valid license | No restrictions on passengers | Handheld ban | None | https://dmv.ny.gov/tickets/cell-phone-use-texting
|
| North Carolina | 15 | First 6 months, can only drive between 5 a.m.- 9 p.m. | Licensed adult in front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use mobile devices at all | None | https://www.ncdot.gov/dmv/license-id/driver-licenses/new-drivers/Pages/license-learner-permit.aspx |
| North Dakota | 14 | None | Adult 18 or older with at least 3 years of driving experience in front seat | Can’t have more passengers than car is designed to carry | Can’t use mobile devices at all | None | https://www.dot.nd.gov/divisions/driverslicense/permit.htm
https://www.ndhealth.gov/injury/publications/nd_teen_licensing.pdf |
| Ohio | 15.5 | 12 a.m.-6 a.m.
Exceptions: Accompanied by a parent or legal guardian with a valid license in the passenger seat |
Parent or legal guardian with a valid license | If the driver is under 17, can’t have more than 1 passenger who isn’t a family member unless they are accompanied by a parent or legal guardian | Can’t use mobile devices at all | None | https://www.bmv.ohio.gov/dl-gdl.aspx https://www.bmv.ohio.gov/doc-fees.aspx https://www.firsttimedriver.com/ohio/drivers-permit/ https://driversed.com/trending/drivers-ed-required-ohio |
| Oklahoma | 15.5 | Can only drive between 5 a.m.- 10 p.m. | Licensed driver 21 or older in front seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t text while driving; must “devote…full time and attention” to driving | None | https://oklahoma.gov/dps/obtain-an-oklahoma-driver-license-id-card/original-drivers-license-under-18/learner-permit.html
https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/dps/documents/Final%20REAL%20ID%20checklist%205-5-21.pdf
https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/dps/docs/2017-odm.pdff
https://ohso.ok.gov/distracted-laws
|
| Oregon | 15 | If under 18, can’t drive between 12 p.m.- 5 a.m. Exceptions: Driving between home and work/school event, or with a licensed driver 25 or older | Licensed drivers 21 or older if driver is under 18 | First 6 months, if under 18, can’t have passengers under age 20 except for immediate family After the first 6 months, can carry up to 3 non-family passengers under age 20 | All cell phone use prohibited, even hands-free | None | https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_811.507
|
| Pennsylvania | 16 | None | Licensed driver over 21 or parent, guardian, person in loco parentis, or licensed spouse 18 or older in front seat | If under 18, can’t have more passengers than the number of seat belts | Can’t text while driving | None | https://www.dmv.pa.gov/Driver-Services/Driver-Licensing/Driver-Manual/Chapter-1/Pages/Applying-for-a-Learner’s-Permit.aspx
https://www.dmv.pa.gov/Information-Centers/Payment/Pages/Payments-and-Fees-Page.aspx
|
| Rhode Island | 16 | None | Licensed driver 21 or older with at least 5 years of licensure in front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use handheld wireless devices, but can use hands-free systems like GPS | None | https://dmv.ri.gov/licenses-permits-ids/permits-tests/new-license-permits
https://dmv.ri.gov/licenses-permits-ids/permits-tests/permit-fees
http://www.dot.ri.gov/projects/HandsFree/documents/Hands_Free_Law_Enacted_7-10-17.pdf |
| South Carolina | 15 | Can only drive from 6 a.m.- 12 a.m. | Licensed driver at least 21 with at least 1 year of driving experience in front seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t text and drive | None | https://dc.statelibrary.sc.gov/bitstream/handle/10827/27492/DMV_Drivers_Manual_2011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
https://scdps.sc.gov/ohsjp/DrivinginSC/distracted-driving-law |
| South Dakota | 14 | Can only drive between 6 a.m.-10 p.m.
Exceptions: A parent/legal guardian must be in front seat |
If under 18, must have a parent/legal guardian, or another licensed adult with 1 year of driving experience in front seat If over 18, must have any licensed adult with at least 1 year of driving experience in front seat | First 6 months of permit, can’t have any passengers outside of immediate family/household.
After 6 months, can have 1 passenger outside of immediate family/household |
Can’t use any wireless communication devices while driving | None | https://dps.sd.gov/driver-licensing/south-dakota-licensing-information/fees
|
| Tennessee | 15 | 10 p.m.- 6 a.m. | Licensed driver at least 21 in front seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use cell phones while driving | Must prove attendance/satisfactory progress in school | https://www.tn.gov/safety/driver-services/classd/gdl.html
https://www.tn.gov/content/dam/tn/safety/documents/DL_Manual.pdf |
| Texas | 15 | 12 a.m.- 5 a.m. | Licensed driver 21 or older in front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use wireless communication device, even in hands-free mode, except for emergencies | Evidence of enrollment, diploma or GED | https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/driver-license/how-apply-texas-driver-license-teen
https://www.dps.texas.gov/internetforms/forms/dl-7.pdf
http://www.education4drivers.com/texas/permit-restrictions-rules.htm |
| Utah | 15 | If 15-17: 12 a.m.- 5 a.m.
Exceptions: If accompanied by a licensed driver 21 or older in front passenger seat Driving from work, school, or farming-related activity, or emergencies |
If 15-17: A licensed driving instructor, parent or legal guardian in front passenger seat If over 18: A licensed driver 21 or older in front passenger seat | If 15-17: A licensed driving instructor, parent or legal guardian in front passenger seat; immediate family members allowed
If over 18: A licensed driver 21 or older in front passenger seat; other passengers allowed in vehicle |
Can’t use communication devices while driving | None | https://dld.utah.gov/learner-permit/
https://dld.utah.gov/minorteen-restrictions/
http://www.education4drivers.com/utah/permit-restrictions-rules.htm |
| Vermont | 15 | None | Licensed and unimpaired parent, guardian, driver education instructor or individual 25 or older sitting in the front passenger seat | No restrictions on passengers | Can’t use any portable electronic device even while vehicle is parked on a public highway | None | https://dmv.vermont.gov/licenses/identity-documents
https://dmv.vermont.gov/enforcement-and-safety/road-safety/distracted-driving |
| Virginia | 15.5 | If under 18: 12 a.m.- 4 a.m.
Exceptions: Driving for work, school, religious-related activities If a licensed parent or guardian sits in the front passenger seat, or emergencies |
Licensed driver at least 21 in front passenger seat; may be 18 if they are your legal guardian or immediate family member
Exception: If you are at least 16 and 3 months and under 18, you have had your permit for 9 months, and hold a parent-signed Virginia Driving Training Certificate, you may drive without a licensed driver |
If under 18: Not more than 1 passenger under 18 allowed except for family members If over 18: No driving alone with passengers in the vehicle
Exceptions: Must be accompanied by another licensed driver |
Can’t use cell phone even in hands-free mode, unless parked or fully stopped to make an emergency phone call | None | https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/drivers/#eligibility.asp http://www.education4drivers.com/virginia/permit-restrictions-rules.htm |
| Washington | 15 | 1 a.m.- 5 a.m. Exceptions: Accompanied by a licensed driver 25 or older | Licensed driver with at least 5 years of driving experience in front passenger seat. | Passengers allowed if they wear seat belts | Can’t use wireless communication device, even in hands-free mode, unless reporting an emergency | None | https://www.drivinglaws.org/resources/washington-teen-driving.html
|
| West Virginia | 15 | 10 p.m.- 5 a.m. | Licensed driver at least 21 in front passenger seat | Not more than 2 non-family passengers in addition to the supervising adult | Can’t use wireless communication device, even in hands-free mode | Enrolled in school or GED program or graduated | https://www.permit-tests.com/west-virginia/dmv-teen-permit-requirements
http://www.wvlegislature.gov/wvcode/chapterentire.cfm?chap=17C&art=14§ion=15 |
| Wisconsin | 15.5 | Must have qualified instructor or licensed person 25 or older with at least 2 years driving experience | A qualified instructor, parent, guardian or spouse 19 or older, or a person 21 or older; if the permit holder is under 18, the licensed supervisor must have written authorization for the minor’s parent or guardian | A qualified instructor, parent, guardian or spouse 19 or older, or a person 21 or older Immediate family members allowed to ride in the back seat | Can’t use wireless communication device unless reporting an emergency | Enrolled in school or in a home-school program (if under 18) | https://wisconsindot.gov/Pages/dmv/teen-driver/yr-frst-lcns/permit.aspx
https://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/dmv/shared/bds126-motorists-handbook.pdf |
| Wyoming | 15 | 11 p.m.- 5 a.m. Exceptions: A licensed driver is 18 or older in the front passenger seat | Licensed driver at least 18 in front passenger seat | Only 1 passenger under 18 allowed who is not an immediate family member | Can’t use wireless communication or electronic handheld device | None | https://www.dot.state.wy.us/home/driver_license_records/driver-license/learner-permits.html |
Penalties Specific to Teen Drivers
To encourage safer driving, states subject teens to harsher penalties than adult drivers.
Alcohol
Surprisingly, teen drivers are less likely than adults to drink and drive. Over the past 30 years, raising the minimum drinking age to 21, zero-tolerance underage BAC laws, and GDL restrictions like required adult supervision and curfews have all contributed to a decrease in teen drinking and driving.
However, due to teens’ inexperience, their crash risk is higher when they drink and drive. Drivers between 16 and 20 years old with BAC levels of 0.05 to 0.079 percent are 12 times more likely to be killed in single-vehicle crashes than sober teen drivers.7 Adult drivers with similar BAC levels are nine times more likely to be in a fatal crash than sober adult drivers.
Many states impose stricter DUI laws on teens than adult drivers. For example, while all states as well as Washington, D.C., have a BAC limit of 0.08 percent, many states charge drivers under the age of 21 with DUI if their BAC is above 0 or 0.02 percent.
Additionally, some states impose driving restrictions as a punishment for underage consumption of, possession of, or attempts to buy alcohol. These are known as “use/lose laws,” and they can either be mandatory or at the court’s discretion.
Explore your state’s laws on underage drinking and driving in the chart below.8
| State | BAC limit for drivers under 21 | Use/lose law | Penalties for underage DUI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first violation results in a 30-day license suspension. Additional penalties can include revocation and required participation in a DUI or substance abuse program. |
| Alaska | 0% | No | A minor operating a vehicle after consumption of alcohol is an infraction. A first violation is punishable by a fine of $500 and 20-40 hours of community service. A second violation is punishable by a fine of $1,000 and 40-60 hours of community service. Where there are 2 or more prior violations, the court must impose a fine of $1,500 and require 60-80 hours of community service. |
| Arizona | 0% | Yes, discretionary | For a first violation, penalties can include up to 10 days in prison, a fine up to $1,600, and license suspension for up to 360 days. |
| Arkansas | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | Penalties can include driver’s license suspension for up to 6 months, a jail sentence of 24 hours to 1 year, a fine of up to $1,000, and public service work. |
| California | 0.05% | Yes, mandatory | Penalties can include driver’s license suspension and mandatory attendance in a DUI prevention program. |
| Colorado | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense can be punished with a 3-month license suspension, a fine, and community service. |
| Connecticut | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense can be punished by a $500-$1,000 fine, imprisonment for up to 6 months, license suspension for up to 45 days, and the required use of an ignition interlock system for up to 1 year. |
| Delaware | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense can be punished by a 2-month license suspension and a fine of up to $200. |
| District of Columbia | 0% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense can be punished by a fine of up to $300, 90 days in jail, and a 90-day driver’s license suspension. |
| Florida | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense can be punished with a driver’s license suspension. If the BAC is 0.05% or higher, the suspension will stay in place until the completion of a substance abuse course. |
| Georgia | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense is deemed a misdemeanor and can be punished by participation in an alcohol risk-reduction program, a fine of up to $1,000, imprisonment for up to 12 months, and up to 40 hours of community service. |
| Hawaii | 0% | Yes, mandatory | For a first violation, the minor and their guardian must attend an alcohol abuse education and counseling program. Drivers under 18 face a prompt 180-day license suspension. Drivers ages 18-20 face a 30-day suspension, with limited use for up to 180 days after the suspension. |
| Idaho | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A violation is considered a misdemeanor, and punishment for a first offense can include a fine of up to $1,000, license suspension for 1 year, and participation in an alcohol evaluation. |
| Illinois | 0% | Yes, mandatory | A violation results in license suspension for 3-6 months, among other possible penalties. |
| Indiana | 0.02% | No | A violation involving a 0.02%-0.08% BAC can result in the suspension of driving privileges for up to 1 year and a fine of up to $500. For a violation involving a BAC of 0.08% or higher, punishments can include up to 60 days in prison, required participation in an alcohol abuse program, and up to 180 hours of community service. |
| Iowa | 0.02% | Yes, discretionary | For a first offense with a BAC less than 0.08%, a minor will have their license suspended for 6 months and will not be eligible for temporary restricted licenses for an additional 60 days. For an offense involving a BAC of 0.08% or higher, punishments can include license suspension, up to 1 year in prison, and a fine of up to $1,250. |
| Kansas | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender with a 0.02%-0.08% BAC can be punished with a 30-day license suspension. If a minor has a BAC of 0.08% or higher, they also face license suspension for 30 days, with restrictions for an additional 330 days, as well as up to 1 year in prison and a fine of up to $1,000. |
| Kentucky | 0.02% | No | For a first offense not involving a BAC of 0.08 or higher, a minor will have their license suspended for 30-180 days and face a fine of up to $500 or up to 20 hours of community service. For a first offense involving a BAC of 0.08% or higher, a minor can face a fine up to $500, or up to 30 days in prison, community service, and license suspension for up to 18 months. |
| Louisiana | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first offense is punishable by a fine of up to $250, imprisonment for up to 3 months, community service, and license suspension. |
| Maine | 0% | No | A juvenile with any measurable amount of alcohol in their system while operating a motor vehicle will have their license suspended for 1 year for a first-time violation. A juvenile who refuses to take a chemical test faces a license suspension of 18 months. A juvenile with a BAC of 0.08% or higher faces prosecution for OUI with a license suspension of at least 1 year, a fine of up to $500, and at least 2 days in prison. |
| Maryland | 0% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time violator must participate in the ignition interlock program. A minor convicted of DUI (BAC of 0.08% or higher) faces license suspension, a fine of up to $1,000, and up to 1 year in jail. |
| Massachusetts | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time violator age 18-20 will have their license suspended for 180 days. A violator under age 18 will have their license suspended for 1 year. A violator could also face a fine of up to $5,000, up to 2.5 years of jail time, and participation in a youth alcohol program. |
| Michigan | 0% | No | A first-time offender faces a fine of up to $250, up to 360 hours of community service, license restriction for 30 days, and driver responsibility fees of $500 for 2 years. |
| Minnesota | 0% | No | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension for 30 days. If the BAC is 0.08% or higher, the offender faces a fine of up to $1,000, up to 90 days in jail, and a license suspension for up to 90 days. |
| Mississippi | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces a fine of up to $250, mandatory participation in an alcohol safety education program, license suspension for up to 90 days, and attendance at victim impact panels. An offender with a BAC of 0.08% or higher also faces a fine of up to $1,000 and up to 2 days in prison. |
| Missouri | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | An offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension for 30 days, participation in a substance abuse program, a fee of up to $249, and a license reinstatement fee. |
| Montana | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces a fine of up to $500, participation in a chemical dependency education course, license suspension for 90 days, and a license reinstatement fee. |
| Nebraska | 0.02% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time violator faces a license suspension for up to 6 months, a fine of up to $500, and imprisonment for up to 60 days. |
| Nevada | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension for 90 days, a fine of up to $1,000, and jail time of 2 days to 6 months. An underage offender must also submit to a substance abuse evaluation. |
| New Hampshire | 0.02% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time offender faces license suspension for at least 9 months, a fine of at least $500, referral to substance abuse screening and evaluation, and required participation in an impaired driver education program. |
| New Jersey | 0.01% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces license suspension for up to 90 days, community service for up to 30 days. and participation in an alcohol and traffic safety education program. |
| New Mexico | 0.02% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time offender faces license revocation for 1 year, up to 15 days in jail or up to 2 years in a rehab facility, and a fine up to $500. |
| New York | 0.02% | No | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license revocation for 6 months and $125 in civil penalties. |
| North Carolina | 0% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension, a fine of up to $1,000, and up to 30 days in jail. |
| North Dakota | 0.02% | No | A first-time offender faces license suspension for 91 days, a fine of up to $250, and up to 1 year in jail. |
| Ohio | 0.02% | No | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension for 90 days, a fine of up to $250, and up to 30 days in jail. |
| Oklahoma | 0% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces seizure of their license at the time of their arrest, a fine of up to $500, up to 20 hours of community service, and required participation in a treatment program. |
| Oregon | 0% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces license suspension of up to 1 year, jail time ranging from 2 days to 1 year, and a fine of up to $1,000. |
| Pennsylvania | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces 2 days of jail, a fine of up to $5,000, required participation in an alcohol safety school, and alcohol treatment. |
| Rhode Island | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces license suspension for up to 3 months, required attendance at a course on intoxicated driving, and participation in an alcohol treatment program. |
| South Carolina | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces license suspension for up to 6 months, jail time for up to 30 days, and a fine of at least $400. |
| South Dakota | 0.02% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time offender with a BAC under 0.08% faces license suspension for 30 days. |
| Tennessee | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces license suspension of 1 year and a fine of $250. |
| Texas | 0% | Yes, mandatory | Penalties for a first-time offender include a 60-day license suspension, a fine of up to $500, required attendance at an alcohol awareness class, and 20-40 hours of community service. |
| Utah | 0% | Yes, mandatory | Penalties for a first-time offender include a 120-day license suspension, 2 days of jail time, and a fine of up to $700. |
| Vermont | 0.02% | No | A first-time offender faces a 6-month license suspension, required participation in an alcohol and driving education program and a treatment assessment, and the possible use of an ignition interlock system. |
| Virginia | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offense is punishable by a 1-year license forfeiture, a fine of at least $500, or at least 50 hours of community service. |
| Washington | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces a punishment of license suspension for 90 days, a fine of $850, and up to 1 year of jail time. |
| West Virginia | 0.02% | No | A first-time offense is punishable by a fine of up to $100 and license suspension for up to 60 days. |
| Wisconsin | 0% | Yes, discretionary | A first-time offender faces a 3-month suspension of their license, a fine of $200, and additional fines if there were other minor passengers. |
| Wyoming | 0.02% | Yes, mandatory | A first-time offender faces a 90-day license suspension, a fine of up to $750, and mandatory substance abuse assessment and treatment. |
Other Violations
Violations like speeding or not following the restrictions of the GDL can result in delays of license progressions and other penalties specific to teens.9
In addition to ensuring teen drivers follow all state laws, it’s a good idea to establish rules and expectations for teens about appropriate and safe driving behavior. You might even write out a parent-teen driving agreement to make sure you’re on the same page about driving privileges.
Auto Insurance for Teen Drivers
The cost of auto insurance for teens is higher than it is for adults because insurance providers consider teens high-risk drivers. In addition, insuring a teenage boy is typically more expensive than it is for a teenage girl. That’s because male teen drivers cause more crashes than any other group. For similar reasons, men often pay more for auto insurance than women.
The cost of auto insurance for teens decreases by age. The cost of car insurance for 16-year-olds is the highest, with an annual average of $4,368. The cost of car insurance for 19-year-olds is the lowest, with an annual average of $2,758.33.
The average annual cost of auto insurance for 17-year-olds and the average annual cost of auto insurance for 18-year-olds are about the same, at $3,925 and $3,952.75, respectively.
Usually, it’s cheaper to add a teen to your auto policy, rather than buy them a separate policy. To find the best deal, get quotes from a few providers and ask about discounts. It’s best if a teen drives a vehicle with safety features that isn’t too expensive, as it will most likely need repairs.
TIP
Some providers offer discounts if a teen maintains a good GPA, is in college or taking college classes, or took a defensive driving course.
Additional Teen Driving Resources:
Recap
Due to their inexperience, teens are subject to stricter driving laws, face increased penalties for violations, and pay the most for insurance. Teens and their families should familiarize themselves with teen driving laws in order to avoid penalties and stay safe on the road.
FAQs
Read on for answers to your additional questions about teen driving laws.
Which teen driving laws have changed over time?
Teen driving laws have changed quite a bit over the past 30 years.
In the 1990s, states began adopting GDL laws, which impose special restrictions on teen drivers and require them to learn to drive under adult supervision. By 2006, all states had some form of GDL laws. Before that, most states allowed teens full driving privileges at the age of 16. Over the years, many studies have found that teen driving laws reduce crashes and fatalities.
How does a teen breaking a driving law affect their parents financially?
If a teen breaks the law while driving — for example, by driving drunk or not following the provisions of their GDL — the cost of their auto insurance will likely increase. Insurance premiums will increase even more if the teen is at fault in an accident. The cost of insurance might not increase for more minor violations, like speeding by fewer than 10 or 20 miles over the limit.
How do driving laws affect parents of teens?
In some cases, driving laws stipulate that parents are liable for teens’ actions on the road. Specifically, if a parent knows that their teen is a danger to others on the road (e.g., the teen has a history of at-fault accidents or tickets for reckless driving) and allows them to drive unsupervised, the parent may be liable if the teen causes an accident.
Parents hold strong influence over teens’ driving. Studies find that when parents impose driving restrictions beyond what the law requires and set a good example for driving behavior themselves, teens tend to drive more safely and get into fewer crashes.
Why do some states have stricter teen driving laws than others?
Some states have stricter teen driving laws than others because, as with any other driving law, each state can determine their own teen driving laws.
Citations
Teen Driving. NHTSA. https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/teen-driving
Using Naturalistic Driving Data to Assess the Prevalence of Environmental Factors and Driver Behaviors in Teen Driver Crashes. AAA. (2015, Mar). https://aaafoundation.org/using-naturalistic-driving-data-assess-prevalence-environmental-factors-driver-behaviors-teen-driver-crashes/
Background On: Teen drivers. III. (2021, Oct). https://www.iii.org/article/background-on-teen-drivers
Graduated Driver Licensing Night Driving Restrictions and Drivers Aged 16 or 17 Years Involved in Fatal Night Crashes — United States, 2009–2014. CDC. (2016, Jul).
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529a1.htm?s_cid=mm6529a1_wEstimating the Effect of Passengers in Fatal and Non-fatal Crashes Involving Teen Drivers. National Academies. (2022). https://trid.trb.org/view/1572736
Graduated licensing laws by state. IIHS. (2022). https://www.iihs.org/topics/teenagers/graduated-licensing-laws-table
Alcohol-related risk of driver fatalities: an update using 2007 data. PubMed.gov. (2012, May). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22456239/
DUI Under 21 Laws by State. FindLaw. (2018, Oct). https://www.findlaw.com/dui/laws-resources/dui-under-21-laws-by-state.html
State Penalties for Graduated Driver’s License Violations. NCSL. (2011). https://www.ncsl.org/documents/transportation/GDLpenalty.pdf
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