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Last updated: March 5, 2026

Car Crash Statistics 2026

Speeding and drunk driving cause a combined 60 percent of traffic fatalities in the U.S.

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Although most of us drive every day, we don’t always think about the possible consequences of doing so. In worst-case scenarios, a motor vehicle crash can lead to property damage, injury, and even death. Fortunately, traffic fatalities are rare, but actions like drinking and driving, distracted driving, and speeding make them more likely.

Meanwhile, seat belts can save lives, and thankfully, most people in the U.S. comply with mandatory seat belt laws. However, there are certain situations in which people are more or less likely to wear seat belts. For example, school buses in some areas don’t have seat belts.

Here are the most recent statistics about car crashes in the United States.

Key Takeaways

  • According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, there were 40,901 traffic fatalities in the U.S. in 2023.
  • Across the U.S., about one-third of traffic deaths involve drunk driving. Hawaii and Texas have the highest percentages of alcohol-related traffic fatalities.
  • Speeding is responsible for about one-third of traffic fatalities in the U.S.
  • Seat belts are extremely important safety devices, and fortunately, more than 90 percent of people in the U.S. wore them in 2023. In 2023, 86 percent of the people who survived passenger vehicle crashes were wearing seat belts.

How many car deaths are there in the U.S.?

For the most recent year of available federal data, 2023, there were 40,901 car deaths in the U.S., resulting from 37,654 fatal crashes.1 Over the past five years of available data, the average number of car deaths was 40,443 annually. According to the most recent projections from the NHTSA, 39,345 people are estimated to have died in car crashes in 2024.2

By Year

From 1960 to 1990, the number of traffic fatalities increased by 23 percent. Since 1990, annual traffic fatalities have remained relatively constant, with some years seeing slight decreases and others slight increases. In 2023, the most recent year for which data is available from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, there were 40,901 traffic fatalities in the U.S., a 4 percent decrease from 2022.

YearFatalities
196036,399
196547,089
197052,627
197544,525
198051,091
198543,825
199044,599
199141,508
199239,250
199340,150
199440,716
199541,817
199642,065
199742,013
199841,501
199941,717
200041,945
200142,196
200243,005
200342,884
200442,836
200543,510
200642,708
200741,259
200837,423
200933,883
201032,999
201132,479
201233,782
201332,893
201432,744
201535,484
201637,806
201737,473
201836,835
201936,355
202039,007
202143,230
202242,721
202340,901

By State

According to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), the state of Texas had the highest number of traffic fatalities in 2023, with a total of 4,291.3 On average, 802 people died in car accidents per state (including Washington, D.C., in 2023.

 

Of course, these numbers don’t take into account the number of licensed drivers per state, just the total number of traffic deaths. As such, states with larger populations are expected to have more traffic fatalities.

 

Accounting for the number of licensed drivers, the states with the highest rates of fatalities in 2023 were:

  • Mississippi (35 fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • Wyoming (33 fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • New Mexico (28 fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • Oklahoma (28 fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • Kentucky (27 fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)

 

The states with the lowest rates of fatalities were:

  • Massachusetts (seven fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • District of Columbia (eight fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • New Jersey (nine fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • New York (nine fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
  • Rhode Island (nine fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers)
StateNumber of traffic fatalities in 2022Number of traffic fatalities in 2023Number of licensed drivers in 2023Fatalities per 100,000 licensed drivers in 2023
Alabama9889744,087,88524
Alaska8260525,19511
Arizona132013045,849,99222
Arkansas6375962,306,92126
California4539406127,742,34815
Colorado7647204,486,89916
Connecticut3663082,632,27312
Delaware162135886,02215
District of Columbia3244521,2278
Florida3548339617,018,35120
Georgia179616157,691,53721
Hawaii11693943,67110
Idaho2152751,398,00720
Illinois126812418,631,48514
Indiana9768984,720,18519
Iowa3363772,379,79116
Kansas4103872,024,48319
Kentucky7448143,001,19127
Louisiana9068113,404,60324
Maine1821351,065,36113
Maryland5666214,331,16514
Massachusetts4353434,867,2257
Michigan112410947,715,58114
Minnesota4444094,152,71010
Mississippi7037322,071,41435
Missouri10579914,308,76823
Montana215208878,79824
Nebraska2442271,455,28316
Nevada4173892,256,43717
New Hampshire1461301,090,70612
New Jersey6896066,854,5749
New Mexico4664371,540,74128
New York1182111412,314,1919
North Carolina163115618,078,94119
North Dakota98106580,91818
Ohio127412428,436,37015
Oklahoma7107182,597,51728
Oregon6025873,146,63219
Pennsylvania117912119,134,28913
Rhode Island5271762,2769
South Carolina109410474,098,10826
South Dakota137140688,47720
Tennessee131313235,122,78426
Texas4408429119,159,36022
Utah3192802,299,29112
Vermont7669480,46314
Virginia10069135,921,53215
Washington7438106,009,84213
West Virginia2662601,131,68823
Wisconsin6045834,411,18213
Wyoming134144441,19533

By Vehicle Type

Passenger vehicles were involved in 32 percent of fatal crashes in 2023, while light trucks were involved in 43 percent.4 The most common type of passenger car involved in fatal crashes was a sedan, while the most common light truck type was a utility truck.

 

Much like the number of traffic fatalities, this data does not take into account how many of each vehicle type are on the road, so it doesn’t necessarily indicate that these vehicle types are more dangerous than others.

Type of vehicleBody typeNumber of vehicles involved in fatal crashes in the U.S. in 2023Percentage
Passenger carAll passenger cars18,77832.2%
Passenger carConvertible4300.7%
Passenger carSedan14,81525.4%
Passenger carCoupe1,6292.8%
Passenger carHatchback1,6232.8%
Passenger carWagon2810.5%
Light truckAll light trucks25,33643.4%
Light truckUtility13,99624.0%
Light truckMinivan1,1371.9%
Light truckCargo van5040.9%
Light truckStep van20%
Light truckOther van type3230.6%
Light truckLight pickup9,36616.1%
Light truckOther light truck80%
Large truckLarge trucks5,3759.2%
Large truckUtility10%
Large truckCargo van250%
Large truckStep van240%
Large truckOther van type420.1%
Large truckLarge pickup7411.3%
Large truckSingle-unit truck1,3032.2%
Large truckTruck tractor3,1935.5%
Large truckOther large truck460.1%
MotorcycleMotorcycles6,43211.0%
Motorcycle2-wheel motorcycle (excluding motor scooters)5,7299.8%
MotorcycleMoped420.1%
Motorcycle3-wheel motorcycle (2 rear Wheels)720.1%
MotorcycleOff-road motorcycles1400.2%
MotorcycleUnenclosed 3-wheel motorcycle/unenclosed autocycle (1 rear wheel)650.1%
MotorcycleMotor scooter2540.4%
MotorcycleOther motored cycle type (minibikes, pocket bikes)170%
MotorcycleUnknown motored cycle type1130.2%
BusBuses2440.4%
BusSchool bus970.2%
BusIntercity bus140%
BusTransit bus1000.2%
BusOther bus330.1%
OtherOther/unknown vehicle types2,1543.7%
OtherMotorhome470.1%
OtherAll-terrain vehicle2390.4%
OtherRecreational off-road Vehicle2360.4%
OtherSnowmobile110%
OtherFarm equipment760.1%
OtherConstruction equipment150%
OtherLow-speed vehicle40%
OtherGolf cart330.1%
OtherStreet sweeper30%
OtherOther vehicle1140.2%
OtherUnknown vehicle type1,3762.4%
Totaln/a58,319n/a

Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries

In 2023, the NHTSA estimated that there were around 6.1 million non-fatal motor vehicle crashes. Nearly 1.7 million resulted in injuries, and around 4.4 million were property damage only. Close to 2.5 million people were injured in traffic accidents that year. Ninety-one percent of the injured people were passenger vehicle occupants, 3 percent were motorcyclists, and 6 percent were nonoccupants, such as pedestrians.5

CategoryNumber of injuries (2023)
Passenger vehicle occupants (including driver)2,223,735
Motorcyclists82,564
Pedestrians68,244
Cyclists49,989
Other/unknown nonoccupants18,048
Total injuries2,442,581

Looking at all of the motor vehicle crashes that occurred in 2023, 71.7 percent caused property damage only, 27.7 percent were injury only, and 0.6 percent involved fatalities.

Most Common Causes of Crashes

Alcohol

It’s a sad but true fact that every day in the U.S., approximately 34 people die from drunk driving accidents. In 2023, the total number was 12,429 people, an 8 percent decrease from 2022.

Across the U.S., about one-third of traffic deaths involve drunk driving, making it one of the most common causes of traffic fatalities.

Below are the 10 states with the highest percentages of alcohol-related traffic fatalities:

StatePercentage of fatalities involving drunk driving in 2023
Hawaii42%
Texas40%
South Carolina39%
Connecticut37%
Iowa37%
Ohio37%
North Dakota36%
Washington36%
Massachusetts34%
Montana34%

Distracted Driving

Distracted driving is another common yet dangerous practice in the U.S., and it was the cause of 8 percent of fatal crashes in 2023.6 The state with the highest rate of distracted-driving–related fatalities was New Mexico, followed by Louisiana and Kansas.7

Speeding

While speeding is quite common, it can be very dangerous. In 2023, there were 11,775 deaths due to speeding, making up 29 percent of all traffic fatalities.

Speeding is even more dangerous in bad weather. Forty-five percent of speeding-related fatal crashes involved moving or standing water; 41 percent involved ice or frost; 36 percent involved mud, dirt, or gravel; and 34 percent involved snow and slush. It’s wise to drive extra carefully in the wintertime, especially during holidays.

Additionally, statistics show that certain demographic groups are more likely to speed than others, which is one reason young men pay more for car insurance. For example, among male drivers aged 21 to 24 who were involved in a fatal crash, 33 percent were speeding at the time of the crash, compared to only 18 percent of female drivers in the same age group.

As drivers age, they are less likely to be speeding at the time of a fatal crash. The age group with the lowest rates was senior drivers 75 and older, which we’ll discuss in more detail below.8

Age groupNumber of speeding male drivers in fatal crashes, 2023PercentageNumber of speeding female drivers in fatal crashes, 2023Percentage 
15-201,42937%23318%
21-241,28033%22418%
25-342,31726%47416%
35-441,52121%34114%
45-5493815%1668%
55-6470812%1559%
65-7438111%856%
75+1798%636%

Restraint Use: How Seatbelts Can Help

Seat belts are extremely effective in preventing both injuries and deaths in crashes. In the front seat, they are estimated to reduce passenger car deaths by 45 percent and injuries by 50 percent. That means — statistically speaking — that out of the 10,484 passengers who were not wearing their seat belts when they died in car crashes in 2023, around 5,242 could have lived had they used these restraints.

From 1975 to 2017, seat belts saved an estimated 374,276 lives, an average of 8,911 a year.9 In 2023, 86 percent of the people who survived passenger vehicle crashes were wearing seat belts; only 14 percent were not.10 In other words, more than eight in 10 survivors of car crashes were wearing seat belts.

SEAT BELTS SAVE LIVES:

More than eight in 10 survivors of car crashes were wearing seat belts at the time of the crash.

Seat Belt Laws by State

Because the U.S. has no federal law regarding seat belt use, each state is responsible for deciding who must wear a seat belt based on their age and where they’re sitting in the vehicle. All states except New Hampshire require adult passengers in the front seat to wear a seat belt, and most — but not all — require adult passengers in the rear seat to be restrained as well.

Children are not always covered by seat belt use laws themselves, but every state has separate child restraint laws. Each state legislature also decides if enforcement of these laws is primary, meaning that police can stop someone for violating a seat belt law alone, or secondary, meaning that it has to be accompanied by another offense for police to stop the car.

StateCovered agesCovered seatsEnforcement typeMaximum fine for first offense
Alabama15+AllPrimary (secondary for rear seats)$25
Alaska16+AllPrimary$15
Arizona5+All: Ages 5-15

Front: Ages 8+

Secondary$10
Arkansas15+FrontPrimary$25
California16+AllPrimary$20
Colorado18+FrontSecondary (primary for under 18)$71
Connecticut8+AllPrimary (secondary for rear seat occupants over 16)$15
Delaware16+AllPrimary$50
District of Columbia16+AllPrimary$25
Florida6+All: Ages 6-17
Front: Ages 6+
Primary$30
Georgia8+All: Ages 8-17
Front: Ages 18+
Primary$15
Hawaii8+AllPrimary$45
Idaho7+AllSecondary (primary for drivers under 18)$10
Illinois16+AllPrimary$25
Indiana16+AllPrimary$25
Iowa18+FrontPrimary$25
Kansas14+AllPrimary (secondary for ages 18+ in rear seats)Ages 14-17: $60, no court costs
Ages 18+: $10, no court costs
Kentucky7+ (also 6 and under if over 57 inches tall)AllPrimary$25
Louisiana13+AllPrimary$25; $45 in Orleans Parish
Maine18+AllPrimary$50
Maryland16+AllPrimary (secondary for rear seats)$25
Massachusetts13+AllSecondary$25
Michigan16+FrontPrimary$25
Minnesota18+AllPrimary$25
Mississippi7+AllPrimary$25
Missouri16+FrontSecondary (primary for children under 16)$10
Montana6+AllSecondary$20
Nebraska18+FrontSecondary$25
Nevada6+AllSecondary$25
New Jersey8+ (also 7 and under if over 57 inches tall)AllPrimary (secondary for rear seats)No law
New HampshireNo law for adultsN/AN/AN/A
New Mexico18+AllPrimary$25
New York16+AllPrimary$50
North Carolina16+AllPrimary (secondary for rear seats)$25
North Dakota18+AllPrimary$20
Ohio8+All: Ages 8-14
Front: Ages 15+
Secondary (primary for ages 8-14)$30 for driver; $20 for passenger
Oklahoma9+FrontPrimary$20
Oregon16+AllPrimary$110
Pennsylvania18+FrontSecondary (primary for children under 18)$10
Rhode Island18+AllPrimary$40
South Carolina8+AllPrimary$25
South Dakota18+FrontSecondary$20
Tennessee16+FrontPrimary$50
Texas8+ (also 7 and under if over 57 inches tall)AllPrimary$200
Utah16+AllPrimary$45
Vermont18+AllSecondary (primary for ages under 18)$25
Virginia18+FrontSecondary (primary for ages under 18)$25
Washington16+ (and younger if over 4’9”)AllPrimary$124
West Virginia8+All: Ages 8-17
Front: Ages 8+
Primary$25
Wisconsin8+AllPrimary$10
Wyoming9+AllSecondary$25 for driver; $10 for passenger11

How Often Do People Wear Seat Belts?

Fortunately, over nine out of 10 people in the U.S. wore seat belts in 2024.12

YearAdults in front passenger seats who wore seat beltsYear-over-year difference
201184%-1%
201286%2%
201387%1%
201487%0%
201589%2%
201690%1%
201790%0%
201890%0%
201991%1%
202090%-1%
202190%0%
202292%2%
202392%0%
202491%-1%

Certain factors affect the frequency of seat belt use. For example, in 2023:

  • People in heavy traffic were 11 percent more likely to wear seat belts than people in light traffic.
  • People in pickup trucks were 10 percent less likely to wear seat belts than people in vans and SUVs, and 7 percent less likely than people in passenger cars.
  • People in the West were 3 percent more likely to wear seat belts than those in the Northeast and Midwest, and 7 percent more likely than those in the South.
Demographic/circumstanceHow often they wore seat belts in 2024 (high to low)
Drivers in the West95%
Driving on expressways95%
Driving in vans and SUVs94%
Driving in fast traffic93%
Driving in heavy traffic93%
Driving on weekends93%
Driving in weather conditions with unclear visibility92%
Drivers in the Northeast92%
Drivers in the Midwest92%
In states with primary seat belt laws92%
Drivers in urban areas92%
Driving in passenger cars91%
Driving in weather conditions with clear visibility91%
Right-front passengers91%
Driving in medium-speed traffic91%
Driving during weekday nonrush hours91%
Driving during weekday rush hour90%
Driving on weekdays90%
Driving in moderate traffic90%
Driving on surface streets90%
Driving in slow traffic90%
Drivers in rural areas89%
In states with secondary seat belt laws or no enforcement laws89%
Drivers in the South89%
Driving in pickup trucks85%
Driving in light traffic84%

All in all, the type of person most likely to wear a seat belt is a driver in the West who’s driving in fast traffic on expressways in a van or SUV. On the other end, a person driving in light traffic in a pickup truck on surface streets in the South is least likely to buckle up.

How Are Seat Belts Tested?

Scientists test seat belts by measuring their effectiveness at absorbing the kinetic energy around a crash test dummy’s torso, hips, and rib cage. The purpose of the seat belt is to redirect the kinetic energy away from the passenger.

By crashing cars into walls head-on, scientists can see how seat belts perform in real crashes. With a car going from 31 to 0 mph, scientists measure how much the dummy was displaced to determine if the seat belt succeeded or not.13

Why Aren’t There Seat Belts on Buses?

Depending on your state and locality, you may not have had seat belts on your school bus. If seat belts are so effective at preventing traffic fatalities and injuries, why aren’t they protecting children on school buses across the U.S.?

First, it’s important to understand that school buses are safer than regular passenger vehicles; in fact, according to the NHTSA, they’re the safest way to get to school in the U.S. While 40 percent of school-related traffic fatalities of school-age children from 2014 to 2023 involved passenger-vehicle occupants, only 18 percent involved children in school transportation vehicles.14

Mode of transportationNumber of fatalities, 2014-2023 Percentage of total school-transportation-related fatalities of school-age children in the U.S. in 2014-2023  (high to low)
Occupants of other vehicles8340%
Pedestrians7938%
Occupants of school-transportation vehicles3818%
Pedal cyclists63%
Other nonoccupants31%
Total209100%

School buses are so safe largely because they have more federal standards than any other vehicle type, including these criteria:

  • Compartmentalization (closely spaced seats with energy-absorbing backs)15
  • Elevated passenger deck
  • Flashing overhead lights
  • Greater weight
  • Low speed
  • Stop arm
  • Well-trained drivers
  • Standout color (usually yellow)

That being said, the NHTSA acknowledges that seat belts on school buses would better protect children. In fact, a federal mandate would save two lives a year (assuming the number of buses didn’t decrease).

However, installing seat belts on all school buses in the U.S. would increase their purchase and operating costs. Consequently, fewer buses would be available, leading students to take other, less safe modes of transportation to school. As a result, 10 to 19 children would die commuting to school, which is at least five times more than the lives seat belts would save. In other words, a federal mandate on seat belts in school buses is a net negative under current school transportation budgets.

That being said, some states already require school buses to have seat belts:

  • California
  • Florida
  • Iowa (required on new Iowa school buses)
  • Nevada
  • New Jersey
  • New York

Additionally, local jurisdictions in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas have the power to approve or deny the use of seat belts.16

The Most Vulnerable Groups

Road Users

Fifty-eight percent of people who died in motor vehicle crashes in 2023 were in cars, pickups, or SUVs. Only 18 percent were pedestrians, 15 percent rode motorcycles, and the rest, at 2 and 3 percent, were in large trucks or on bicycles, respectively.17

CategoryNumber of crash fatalitiesPercentage of crash fatalities
Car occupants12,85731%
Pickup and SUV occupants11,01927%
Large truck occupants7092%
Motorcyclists6,33515%
Pedestrians7,31418%
Cyclists1,1553%
Other/unknown1,5124%
Total42,514100%

Rural vs. Urban

Fifty-nine percent of these motor vehicle crash deaths occurred in urban areas, while 41 percent occurred in rural areas.

AreaPercentage of crash deaths
Urban59%
Rural41%

Teens

Teen drivers are a vulnerable driving group due to their lack of experience. In 2023, 3,048 teens aged 13 to 19 died in car crashes; the large majority (about two-thirds) were male, while the rest were female.18 In fact, unintentional injuries from accidents, which include car accidents, were the leading cause of death for teens 15 to 19 the same year.19

When you combine teen driving with speeding, death rates rise. From 2015 to 2019, 43 percent of teen-driving fatalities involved speeding, according to the Governors Highway Safety Administration.20

StateTeen driver speeding-related fatalities 2015-2019, high to low
Hawaii83%
District of Columbia80%
New Hampshire77%
Maine71%
Pennsylvania68%
Rhode Island67%
New York63%
Missouri61%
Illinois59%
New Mexico58%
Colorado57%
Oregon57%
South Carolina57%
Vermont56%
Wyoming55%
Connecticut54%
Massachusetts54%
Kansas53%
Arizona51%
Nevada51%
Alaska50%
Delaware50%
Maryland50%
New Jersey50%
North Carolina49%
Virginia49%
West Virginia47%
California46%
South Dakota46%
Wisconsin46%
Michigan44%
Montana44%
Texas44%
Washington44%
Indiana40%
Alabama39%
Oklahoma39%
North Dakota38%
Minnesota36%
Ohio36%
Arkansas34%
Utah34%
Kentucky33%
Louisiana32%
Georgia28%
Iowa28%
Tennessee27%
Idaho26%
Nebraska23%
Florida21%
Mississippi20%

Rates were highest in Hawaii, where 83 percent of teen fatalities involved speeding, an amount nearly double the national average.

Seniors

Contrary to stereotypes, senior drivers are safer on the road than most other groups. According to 2023 NHTSA data, those 55 and older have lower rates of fatal car accidents than all other age groups.21

There is a direct correlation between age and involvement in traffic crashes. The older you are, the less likely you are to be involved in a crash, with the highest crash rates among those ages 15 to 20.

Commercial Drivers

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, transportation incidents, which include car accidents, were the leading cause of work-related deaths in the U.S. in 2023.22 From 2011 to 2023, more than 22,000 workers in the U.S. died in motor vehicle crashes. In 2023, car accidents were the first or second leading cause of death in every major industry group.

The Impact of Crashes on Car Insurance

Aside from causing property damage, injuries, and deaths, car crashes also result in an increase in the cost of car insurance. The cost of car insurance after accidents will depend on the provider, but we found that the average increase is 46 percent.

CompanyAvg. annual full coverage premium before an accidentAvg. annual full coverage premium after an at-fault accidentAvg. percentage increase
AAA$3,009$4,22941%
Allstate$2,915$4,34349%
American Family$2,181$3,48260%
Auto-Owners$1,870$2,24620%
Erie$1,833$2,26524%
Farmers$3,023$5,01566%
GEICO$1,867$2,83152%
Nationwide$1,987$2,98550%
Progressive$2,060$3,04848%
State Farm$2,030$2,97246%
Travelers$1,837$3,52192%
USAA$1,533$2,40157%

Even if the crash wasn’t your fault, your insurance costs could still rise, depending on your provider. However, the increase will be even higher if you caused the car accident.

Conclusion

Although these crash rates may seem scary, many accidents are preventable if you drive sober, focused, and under the speed limit. Of course, you can’t control what other drivers do, but making sure you’re driving as safely as possible, practicing defensive driving, and always wearing a seat belt will help you stay safe on the road. Overall trends are positive — more people are wearing seat belts year over year, and fewer people are being killed in motor vehicle accidents on average.

To learn more, read our car insurance research on the dangers of distracted driving, auto theft, and hit-and-runs. While some incidents aren’t preventable, seat belts are one easy way to greatly increase your overall safety while driving.

Methodology

We used third-party data to compile this report. The third parties included:

  • Bureau of Transportation Statistics
  • GWR
  • Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
  • National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
  • National Safety Council
  • Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles
  • U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Sources

  1. Motor Vehicle Safety Data. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. (2026).
    https://www.bts.gov/content/motor-vehicle-safety-data

  2. Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2024. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2025, April).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813710

  3. 2023 Traffic Fatalities by STATE and Percent Change from 2022. NHTSA. (2023).
    https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/States/StatesCrashesAndAllVictims.aspx

  4. Vehicles Involved in Fatal Crashes by Vehicle Type. NHTSA. (2023).
    https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/vehicles/vehiclesallvehicles.aspx

  5. Overview of Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes In 2023. NHTSA. (2025, April).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/Publication/813705

  6. Distracted Driving in 2023. NHTSA. (2025, April).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/Publication/813703

  7. Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool (FIRST). NHTSA. (2026).
    https://cdan.dot.gov/query

  8. Motor Vehicle Safety Issues. nsc. (2026).
    https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/motor-vehicle-safety-issues/speeding/

  9. Seat Belts. NHTSA. (2026).
    https://www.nhtsa.gov/vehicle-safety/seat-belts

  10. Occupant protection. nsc. (2026).
    https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/occupant-protection/seat-belts/

  11. Seat belts. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Highway Loss Data Institute. (2026).
    https://www.iihs.org/research-areas/seat-belts#laws

  12. Seat Belt Use in 2024 – Overall Results. NHTSA. (2025, Oct).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813682

  13. Seat Belt Crash Testing. GWRCO. (2026).
    https://gwrco.com/latest_news/seat-belt-crash-testing-can-still-learn-lot-dummy/#:~:text=For%20seat%20belts%2C%20frontal%20impact,area%20with%20a%20hydraulic%20ram

  14. School-Transportation-Related Traffic Crashes. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2024, Aug).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813600.pdf

  15. Why do school buses not require seat belts?. Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles. (2026).
    https://dmv.vermont.gov/faq/why-do-school-buses-not-require-seat-belts#:~:text=works%20extremely%20well.-,Large%20school%20buses%20are%20heavier%20and%20distribute%20crash%20forces%20differently,%2C%20light%20trucks%2C%20and%20vans

  16. School Bus Safety. NCSL. (2025, Oct 22).
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  17. Fatality Facts 2023 State by state. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Highway Loss Data Institute. (2025, July).
    https://www.iihs.org/research-areas/fatality-statistics/detail/state-by-state#deaths-by-road-user

  18. Fatality Facts 2023 Teenagers. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Highway Loss Data Institute.(2025, July).
    https://www.iihs.org/research-areas/fatality-statistics/detail/teenagers

  19. Adolescent Health. CDC National Center of Health Statistics. (2026).
    https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/adolescent-health.htm

  20. Teens and Speeding: Breaking the Deadly Cycle. GHSA. (2021, Jan 26).
    https://www.ghsa.org/resource-hub/teens-and-speeding-breaking-deadly-cycle

  21. Traffic Safety Fact Report: 2023 Data – Young Drivers. NHTSA. (2025, July).
    https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/813736

  22. Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2024).
    https://www.bls.gov/charts/census-of-fatal-occupational-injuries/fatal-occupational-injuries-by-event-drilldown.htm